What term describes when a hacker successfully exploits a vulnerability to gain access to files on a computer or network?

• A. Breach
• B. Hacking
• C. Phishing
• D. Ransomware

Answer: (A)

Gaining access to files after successfully exploiting a vulnerability is a breach. A breach is the unauthorized access or exposure of data or systems that results from bypassing security controls, precisely describing the outcome of using a vulnerability to reach files.

Hacking is a broader term for breaking into systems and isn’t limited to the specific result of accessing files. Phishing is a tactic that tricks people into revealing credentials, not directly exploiting a vulnerability in the system to reach files. Ransomware is malware that encrypts files after access, focusing on the consequence and threat rather than the act of gaining access itself.